儿童注意缺陷多动障碍共患病及功能损害研究

Comorbidities and functional impairments in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

摘要:

目的 评估注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患儿共患病及功能损害发生情况,并探讨其与核心症状(注意缺陷、多动冲动)的相关性。方法 疑诊为ADHD 的319例儿童作为研究对象,由父母完成Vanderbilt父母评定量表(VADPRS),根据美国精神病学会制定的《精神障碍诊断和统计手册》第四版(DSM-IV)进行诊断及分型,根据VADPRS进行共患病筛查及功能损害评估。同时对各型ADHD患儿共患病和功能损害情况进行比较,对其与核心症状的关系进行相关性分析。结果 319例儿童中,196例诊断为ADHD,其中注意缺陷型(ADHD-I)84例,多动冲动型(ADHD-HI)35例,混合型(ADHD-C)77例。123例不满足ADHD诊断标准。ADHD儿童共患病(对立违抗性障碍、品行障碍、情绪障碍)发生率显著高于非ADHD儿童(63.8% vs 37.4%, P<0.05)。ADHD-C组对立违抗和品行障碍发生率高于ADHD-I组(P<0.05)。对立违抗、品行障碍及情绪障碍的阳性条目数与两个核心症状群阳性条目数有弱相关性(P<0.01)。ADHD组总功能损害发生率显著高于非ADHD组(89.8% vs 74.8%, P<0.05)。ADHD-C组功能损害发生率显著高于ADHD-I组和ADHD-HI组(P<0.05)。注意缺陷阳性症状条目数与学习问题、同胞关系损害及组织活动问题有弱相关性(P<0.01),多动冲动阳性症状条目数仅与同胞关系损害有弱相关性(P<0.01)。结论 ADHD组儿童共患病及功能损害发生率高,以ADHD-C组最显著。ADHD核心症状严重程度可以影响共患病及功能损害的发生。未达到ADHD诊断标准的疑诊儿童也有较高的其他精神障碍和功能损害发生率,临床上也要重视对此类儿童的干预。

Abstract:

Objective To assess comorbidities and functional impairments in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to investigate their relationship with the core symptoms (attention deficit and hyperactivity) of ADHD. Methods A total of 319 children with suspected ADHD were included in the study. The Vanderbilt ADHD Parent Rating Scale (VADPRS) was completed by their parents. Diagnosis and classification were performed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition. Comorbidities and functional impairments were evaluated according to the VADPRS. Children with various types of ADHD were compared in terms of comorbidities and functional impairments, and their relationship with the core symptoms of ADHD was analyzed. Results Of the 319 children, 196 were diagnosed with ADHD, including 84 cases of predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I), 35 cases of predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-HI) and 77 cases of combined type (ADHD-C); 123 did not meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD. At least one other psychiatric disorder (oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder or emotional disorder) was seen in 63.8% (125/196) of the children with ADHD, versus 37.4 % (46/123) of the children without ADHD (P<0.05). The incidence of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in the ADHD-C subgroup was significantly higher than in the ADHD-I subgroup (P<0.05). The sums of oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and emotional disorder symptoms were weakly correlated with the sums of hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive symptoms (P<0.01). Up to 89.8% of children with ADHD and 74.8% of children without ADHD showed functional impairments (P<0.05). The ADHD-C subgroup had a significantly higher overall incidence of functional impairments than the ADHD-I and ADHD-HI subgroups (P<0.05). The sum of inattentive symptoms was weakly correlated with the scores of learning ability, sibling relationship and participation in organized activities ( P<0.01), and the sum of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms was weakly correlated with the score of sibling relationship (P<0.01). Conclusions The incidence of comorbidities and functional impairments among children with ADHD is high, especially in those with ADHD-C. The severity of core symptoms in children with ADHD can influence the occurrence of comorbidities and functional impairments. The incidence of psychiatric disorders and functional impairments is also high in children with suspected ADHD who do not meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD, so attention also needs to be paid to interventions among these children.