围产期不良事件致新生儿急性缺氧缺血性脑损伤的类型分析

Types of acute hypoxic-ischemic brain injury due to perinatal sentinel events in neonates

摘要:

目的 探讨围产期不良事件致新生儿急性缺氧缺血性脑损伤（HIBI）的临床及影像学特征。方法 选取2004~2013 年46 例HIBI 患儿，对其临床及脑损伤类型进行分析。结果 足月儿组脑白质损伤为95%、皮层损伤90%、基底节- 丘脑损伤75% 和脑干损伤65%。早产儿组脑白质损伤73%、皮层损伤23%、基底节- 丘脑损伤19%、脑干损伤15%。早产儿灰质损伤发生率均低于足月儿组（P<0.05）；46% 的急性HIBI患儿伴有多器官功能受累，足月儿组临床表现较典型，95% 符合中、重度脑病，影像学改变多为混合型损伤，且以中、重度基底节- 丘脑损伤为主（68%）。多器官受累及动脉血pH 值小于7.1 与中、重度脑损伤的发生密切相关。结论 白质损伤是最常见的HIBI 类型，早产儿组也可见灰质损伤，但发生率低。中、重度脑病患儿的影像学损伤程度较重，且以基底节- 丘脑损伤为主。多器官受累、异常神经系统表现及早期血气分析对新生儿HIBI 诊断尤为重要。

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the clinical and imaging characteristics of acute hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) due to perinatal sentinel events in neonates. Methods Forty-six neonates with acute HIBI who were admitted between January 2004 and May 2013, and who had a history of major cardiopulmonary resuscitation, were enrolled in the study. They were classified into full-term and preterm infants to analyze the clinical and imaging characteristics. Results Among full-term infants, the incidence rates of white matter injury, cortical injury, basal ganglia /thalamic injury, and brain stem injury were 95%, 90%, 75%, and 65%, respectively; among preterm infants, the incidence rates of white matter injury, cortical injury, basal ganglia/thalamic injury, and brain stem injury were 73%, 23%, 19%, and 15%, respectively. Compared with full-term infants, preterm infants had a significantly lower incidence of gray matter injury in the cortex, basal ganglia/thalamus, and brain stem (P<0.05). About 46% of all subjects had multiple organ dysfunction. The 20 full-term infants with HIBI had typical clinical manifestations; 19 (95%) of them had moderate or severe neonatal encephalopathy, with mixed lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and moderate or severe basal ganglia/thalamic injury was found in 68% of these patients. Multiple organ dysfunction, various abnormal neurological manifestations, and arterial blood pH less than 7.1 were closely related to moderate or severe brain injury. Conclusions White matter injury is the most common type of HIBI. Gray matter injury can be found in preterm infants, but the incidence is lower than that in full-term infants. Moderate or severe neonatal encephalopathy is mainly manifested as basal ganglia/thalamic injury on MRI. Evaluation of multiple organ dysfunction and abnormal neurological manifestations and early blood gas analysis are very important for the diagnosis of neonatal HIBI.