生物和家庭因素对汉语儿童词汇和智能发展的影响

Impacts of biological and family factors on lexical and intellectual development in Mandarin-speaking children

摘要:

目的 通过纵向追踪考察生物因素(年龄、性别)和家庭因素(家庭社会经济地位、家庭育儿方式)对儿童早期词汇和智能发展的影响。方法 使用《汉语沟通发展量表》(普通话版,简称PCDI)、《年龄发育进程问卷》(ASQ)和自行设计的《父母调查问卷》,对38 名18~24 月龄汉语儿童进行测查,6 个月后对被试者再次进行PCDI 和ASQ 追踪测查。结果 (1)初测时生物因素可以解释词汇量65% 的变异(其中性别占10%);6 个月后检测时其解释量下降为26%,且性别的影响消失。(2)词汇发展可正向预测智能发展,控制年龄和性别后,词汇发展可解释智能发展22% 的变异。(3)家庭社会经济地位对词汇和智能发展的影响均不显著。(4)家庭教养方式中“家长引导儿童认识环境中的人和物”可预测6 个月后儿童的智能发展(可解释10% 的变异)。结论 生物因素对儿童早期词汇发展有重要作用,但其影响力随月龄增长而减少。生物因素、词汇发展、家庭育儿方式等因素共同影响儿童的智能发展。

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the impacts of biological factors (age and sex) and family factors (socioeconomic status and parenting style) on the early lexical and intellectual development of children in a longitudinal tracking study. Methods A total of 38 Mandarin-speaking children aged from 18 to 24 months were surveyed using the Putonghua Chinese Communicative Development Inventory (PCDI), the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), and a self-designed Questionnaire for Parents. All of the subjects were retested using PCDI and ASQ after 6 months. Results Biological factors accounted for 65% of the variance in lexical development, 10% of which was attributed to gender, in the first survey. After six months, the contribution of age decreased to 26% and gender had no significant impact. Lexical development could positively predict the intellectual development of children. When age and gender were controlled, it accounted for 22% of the variance in intellectual development. Family socioeconomic factors had no significant impacts on lexical and intellectual development. Children's recognition of people and objects around them with guidance of parents in parenting styles could positively predict the intellectual development of children six months later, which accounted for 10% of the variance. Conclusions Biological factors play an important role in the early lexical development of children. However, the influence decreases with the increase of age (months). Biological factors, lexical development, and parenting style have a combined influence on children's intellectual development.