电子支气管镜在儿童重症监护室脱机困难患儿中的应用

Application of electronic bronchoscopy in pediatric intensive care patients with difficult ventilator weaning

摘要:

目的 探讨电子支气管镜术在儿童重症监护室 （PICU） 脱机困难患儿病因诊断及治疗中的价值。方法 对入住PICU的脱机困难患儿行电子支气管镜检查和/或治疗的92例患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 92例脱机困难患儿中，基础疾病以呼吸系统疾病为主 （39例）。电子支气管镜检查发现87例异常 （95%），以大量气管内分泌物和气道结构异常多见。电子支气管镜检查显示脱机困难的先天性心脏病 （CHD） 患儿 （n=19） 和无脱机困难的CHD患儿 （n=9） 气管支气管狭窄或软化的程度差异无统计学意义；气管支气管狭窄或软化对预测CHD患儿脱机困难的灵敏度为68.4%、特异度为66.7%。36例因大量分泌物或痰栓堵塞气道的肺不张患儿，经支气管灌洗和/或单肺通气治疗后，23例完全或部分复张。结论 电子支气管镜检查有助于PICU脱机困难的患儿尽早明确脱机困难的原因，并针对病因进行支气管镜下干预治疗。对于CHD患儿，通过电子支气管镜发现气管支气管狭窄或软化不应纳入作为患儿预测脱机的指标。

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the value of electronic bronchoscopy in the etiological diagnosis and treatment of pediatric intensive care patients with difficult ventilator weaning. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 92 pediatric intensive care patients with difficult ventilator weaning and underwent electronic bronchoscopy. Results Among all the 92 children, the most common underlying disease was respiratory system disease (39 children). Electronic bronchoscopy found abnormalities in 87 children (95%), mainly excessive airway secretions and abnormal airway structure. There was no difference in the severity of tracheobronchial stenosis and tracheobronchomalacia shown by electronic bronchoscopy in children suffering from congenital heart disease (CHD), with and without difficult ventilator weaning. When used to predict difficult ventilator weaning in children with CHD, tracheobronchial stenosis or tracheobronchomalacia had a sensitivity of 68.4% and a specificity of 66.7%. Among the 36 children with atelectasis caused by excessive secretion or phlegm-induced airway obstruction, 23 achieved full or partial re-expansion after bronchial lavage and/or one-lung ventilation. Conclusions Electronic bronchoscopy helps to clarify the cause of difficult ventilator weaning and perform treatment under an electronic bronchoscope accordingly in pediatric intensive care patients with difficult ventilator weaning. Tracheobronchial stenosis and tracheobronchomalacia shown by electronic bronchoscopy cannot not be used as an index for the prediction of ventilator weaning in children with CHD.