儿童甲型流感并发神经系统症状的临床研究

A clinical study of influenza A virus infection with neurological symptoms in children

摘要:

目的 了解儿童甲型流感（简称甲流）并发神经系统症状的临床特点。方法 回顾性分析2019年1~12月西安交通大学附属西安市儿童医院经实验室确诊为甲流，且伴有神经系统症状患儿的临床资料。结果 共有895名患儿确诊为甲流。291例（32.5%）并发神经系统症状，男孩发生率高于女孩（P < 0.05），幼儿期发生率高于其他年龄组（P < 0.05）。常见神经系统症状为抽搐（283/291，97.3%）、呕吐（70/291，24.1%）和头痛（21/291，7.2%）。在抽搐病例中，热性惊厥最常见（249/283，88.0%），既往有热性惊厥史患儿与既往无热性惊厥史患儿自发病至出现抽搐的时间和抽搐发作次数差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。3例诊断为急性坏死性脑病，均为女孩且有抽搐发作，自初次抽搐至出现意识障碍时间为0~7 h，2例在发病2 d内死亡。除急性坏死性脑病2例死亡，1例遗留后遗症外，余患儿均治愈。结论 儿童甲流并发神经系统症状发生率较高，抽搐是最常见的症状。除急性坏死性脑病预后不良外，其余良好。

Abstract:

Objective To study the clinical features of children with influenza A virus infection and neurological symptoms. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of children with laboratory-confirmed influenza A and neurological symptoms who were treated in Xi’an Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xi’an Jiaotong University from January to December, 2019. Results A total of 895 children were diagnosed with influenza A, among whom 291 had neurological symptoms. Boys had a significantly higher incidence rate of influenza A than girls (P < 0.05), and the children aged 1-3 years had a significantly higher incidence rate than the other age groups (P < 0.05). Common neurological symptoms included seizures (97.3%), vomiting (24.1%), and headache (7.2%). Febrile seizures were the most common type of seizures, accounting for 88%. There was no significant difference in the time from disease onset to seizures and frequency seizures between the children with a history of febrile seizures and those without such history (P > 0.05). Of all the children, 3 were diagnosed with acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE), all of whom were girls and suffered seizures; the time from the first seizures to the occurrence of disturbance of consciousness was 0-7 hours, and 2 girls died within 2 days after disease onset. All children, except 2 who died of ANE and 1 with neurological sequelae, were cured. Conclusions There is a high incidence rate of neurological symptoms in children with influenza A, and seizures are the most common symptom. Most of the patients with neurological symptoms tend to have a good prognosis, but those with ANE may have a poor prognosis.