极低/超低出生体重早产儿代谢性骨病危险因素的全国多中心调查

Risk factors for metabolic bone disease of prematurity in very/extremely low birth weight infants: a multicenter investigation in China

摘要:

目的 分析极低/超低出生体重（very/extremely low birth weight，VLBW/ELBW）早产儿代谢性骨病（metabolic bone disease of prematurity，MBDP）的发生率及危险因素。方法 回顾性调查2013年9月1日至2016年8月31日全国多中心61 786例新生儿资料，符合纳入标准的VLBW/ELBW早产儿504例，其中诊断MBDP 108例，纳入MBDP组，其余396例纳入非MBDP组。收集两组孕母及早产儿基本资料、住院期间主要疾病、营养支持策略和其他治疗情况并进行统计学比较分析；采用多因素logistic回归分析MBDP发生的危险因素。结果 VLBW早产儿MBDP发生率为19.5%（88/452），ELBW早产儿MBDP发生率为38.5%（20/52）。极早产儿、超早产儿MBDP发生率分别为21.7%和45.5%。单因素分析结果显示，MBDP组患儿胎龄、出生体重均小于非MBDP组，住院时间更长，出院时宫外发育迟缓发生率更高（P < 0.05）；MBDP组新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、败血症、贫血、低钙血症、早产儿视网膜病变发生率较非MBDP组高（P < 0.05）；MBDP组较非MBDP组平均加奶速度更慢、达全肠内喂养日龄更大、肠外营养使用时间更长（P < 0.05）；MBDP组患儿枸橼酸咖啡因使用比例高于非MBDP组、促红细胞生成素使用比例低于非MBDP组（P < 0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，胎龄 < 32周、低钙血症、出院时宫外发育迟缓、败血症是MBDP发生的危险因素（P < 0.05）。结论 低胎龄、低钙血症、出院时宫外发育迟缓、新生儿败血症可能增加VLBW/ELBW早产儿MBDP发生的风险，应加强围生期孕期保健，避免早产，提高新生儿科医师对MBDP的防治意识，对早产儿采取积极合理的营养策略和综合管理措施，以改善VLBW/ELBW早产儿的近远期临床结局。

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the incidence rate and risk factors for metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBDP) in very low birth weight/extremely low birth weight (VLBW/ELBW) infants. Methods The medical data of 61 786 neonates from multiple centers of China between September 1, 2013 and August 31, 2016 were retrospectively investigated, including 504 VLBW/ELBW preterm infants who met the inclusion criteria. Among the 504 infants, 108 infants diagnosed with MBDP were enrolled as the MBDP group and the remaining 396 infants were enrolled as the non-MBDP group. The two groups were compared in terms of general information of mothers and preterm infants, major diseases during hospitalization, nutritional support strategies, and other treatment conditions. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for MBDP. Results The incidence rate of MBDP was 19.4% (88/452) in VLBW preterm infants and 38.5% (20/52) in ELBW preterm infants. The incidence rate of MBDP was 21.7% in preterm infants with a gestational age of < 32 weeks and 45.5% in those with a gestational age of < 28 weeks. The univariate analysis showed that compared with the non-MBDP group, the MBDP group had significantly lower gestational age and birth weight, a significantly longer length of hospital stay, and a significantly higher incidence rate of extrauterine growth retardation (P < 0.05). Compared with the non-MBDP group, the MBDP group had significantly higher incidence rates of neonatal sepsis, anemia, hypocalcemia, and retinopathy of prematurity (P < 0.05). The MBDP group had a significantly lower mean feeding speed, a significantly higher age when reaching total enteral feeding, and a significantly longer duration of parenteral nutrition (P < 0.05). The use rate of caffeine citrate in the MBDP group was significantly higher, but the use rate of erythropoietin was significantly lower than that in the non-MBDP group (P < 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gestational age < 32 weeks, hypocalcemia, extrauterine growth retardation at discharge, and neonatal sepsis were risk factors for MBDP (P < 0.05). Conclusions A lower gestational age, hypocalcemia, extrauterine growth retardation at discharge, and neonatal sepsis may be associated an increased risk of MBDP in VLBW/ELBW preterm infants. It is necessary to strengthen perinatal healthcare, avoid premature delivery, improve the awareness of the prevention and treatment of MBDP among neonatal pediatricians, and adopt positive and reasonable nutrition strategies and comprehensive management measures for preterm infants.